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The arrival of the frequent: how bias in genotype-phenotype maps can steer populations to local optima.

机译:频繁出现的现象:基因型-表型图谱的偏倚如何将群体引向局部最优。

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摘要

Genotype-phenotype (GP) maps specify how the random mutations that change genotypes generate variation by altering phenotypes, which, in turn, can trigger selection. Many GP maps share the following general properties: 1) The total number of genotypes N(G) is much larger than the number of selectable phenotypes; 2) Neutral exploration changes the variation that is accessible to the population; 3) The distribution of phenotype frequencies F(p)=N(p)/N(G), with N(p) the number of genotypes mapping onto phenotype p, is highly biased: the majority of genotypes map to only a small minority of the phenotypes. Here we explore how these properties affect the evolutionary dynamics of haploid Wright-Fisher models that are coupled to a random GP map or to a more complex RNA sequence to secondary structure map. For both maps the probability of a mutation leading to a phenotype p scales to first order as F(p), although for the RNA map there are further correlations as well. By using mean-field theory, supported by computer simulations, we show that the discovery time T(p) of a phenotype p similarly scales to first order as 1/F(p) for a wide range of population sizes and mutation rates in both the monomorphic and polymorphic regimes. These differences in the rate at which variation arises can vary over many orders of magnitude. Phenotypic variation with a larger F(p) is therefore be much more likely to arise than variation with a small F(p). We show, using the RNA model, that frequent phenotypes (with larger F(p)) can fix in a population even when alternative, but less frequent, phenotypes with much higher fitness are potentially accessible. In other words, if the fittest never 'arrive' on the timescales of evolutionary change, then they can't fix. We call this highly non-ergodic effect the 'arrival of the frequent'.
机译:基因型-表型(GP)映射指定了改变基因型的随机突变如何通过改变表型而产生变异,进而可以触发选择。许多GP图具有以下一般属性:1)基因型的总数N(G)远大于可选表型的数目; 2)中性探索改变了人们可以利用的变化; 3)表型频率的分布F(p)= N(p)/ N(G),其中N(p)是映射到表型p的基因型数量,存在很大的偏见:大多数基因型只映射到少数的表型。在这里,我们探索这些特性如何影响与随机GP图或更复杂的RNA序列至二级结构图耦合的单倍体Wright-Fisher模型的进化动力学。对于这两个图,导致表型p突变的概率按F(p)缩放至第一级,尽管对于RNA图也存在进一步的相关性。通过使用均值场理论,并在计算机模拟的支持下,我们发现表型p的发现时间T(p)类似地按比例缩放为一阶为1 / F(p),这适用于这两种情况下的各种人群单态和多态机制。这些变化发生率的差异可以在多个数量级上变化。因此,具有较大F(p)的表型变异比具有较小F(p)的变异更容易出现。我们显示,使用RNA模型,即使潜在的具有较高适应性的替代性但频率较低的表型可以访问,频繁的表型(具有较大的F(p))也可以固定在人群中。换句话说,如果最适者永远不会“到达”进化变化的时间尺度,那么它们就无法解决。我们将这种高度非遍历的效果称为“频繁到达”。

著录项

  • 作者

    Schaper, S; Louis, AA;

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  • 年度 2014
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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
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